Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint disorders affecting millions of people, especially as they grow older. It is a degenerative condition where the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones wears down over time. As a result, bones rub against each other, causing pain, swelling, and reduced mobility. While OA can affect any joint, it most commonly impacts the knees, hips, hands, and spine.
Causes of Osteoarthritis
Aging is the primary cause of osteoarthritis, but several other factors contribute to the development and progression of the condition:
- Joint Injuries: Past injuries such as fractures or ligament tears can increase the risk.
- Repetitive Stress: Occupations or sports that put continuous pressure on joints.
- Obesity: Excess weight puts added strain on weight-bearing joints like knees and hips.
- Genetics: Family history may increase susceptibility to OA.
- Muscle Weakness: Poor muscle support around joints can accelerate cartilage breakdown.
Common Symptoms
Symptoms of osteoarthritis often develop gradually and worsen over time. They include:
- Joint pain: Especially during or after movement.
- Stiffness: Usually most noticeable in the morning or after inactivity.
- Swelling and tenderness: Around affected joints.
- Loss of flexibility: Difficulty moving joints through their full range.
- Bone spurs: Extra bits of bone, which may form around affected joints.
How is Osteoarthritis Diagnosed?
Doctors typically diagnose osteoarthritis through a combination of:
- Medical history and physical examination
- X-rays or MRI to visualize joint damage and bone changes
- Blood tests to rule out other causes of joint pain like rheumatoid arthritis
Managing Osteoarthritis
Although there is no cure for osteoarthritis, effective management can significantly improve quality of life. Here are some key ways to manage the condition:
1. Lifestyle Modifications
- Exercise regularly – Gentle activities like walking, swimming, or yoga can help maintain flexibility and strengthen muscles around joints.
- Lose excess weight – This reduces pressure on the joints, particularly hips and knees.
- Healthy diet – A balanced diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids supports joint health.
2. Medications
- Over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol or NSAIDs can reduce pain and inflammation.
- In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be recommended for short-term relief.
3. Physical Therapy
- Customized physiotherapy exercises can help improve joint movement and reduce stiffness.
4. Surgical Options
- When conservative treatments fail, surgical interventions like joint replacement (especially for hips or knees) can offer long-term relief and restore mobility.
When to See a Specialist?
If joint pain is persistent, interferes with daily activities, or worsens over time, it’s important to consult an orthopaedic specialist. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow progression and help you stay active longer.
